But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

　　1. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .

　　[A]gaining excessive profits

　　[B]failing to fulfill her duty

　　[C]refusing to make compromises

　　[D]leaving the board in tough times

　　2. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .

　　[A]generous investors

　　[B]unbiased executives

　　[C]share price forecasters

　　[D]independent advisers