1.答案為B。本題考點(diǎn)為賓結(jié)構(gòu)搭配。根據(jù)上下文,只有B項(xiàng)exerting與后面的pressure搭配恰當(dāng),意為“施加壓力”;故選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
譯文:他的妻子一" />
Section I Vocabulary and Structure(10 points)
1.答案為B。本題考點(diǎn)為賓結(jié)構(gòu)搭配。根據(jù)上下文,只有B項(xiàng)exerting與后面的pressure搭配恰當(dāng),意為“施加壓力”;故選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
譯文:他的妻子一直在給他施壓,要他跳槽。
2.答案為A。本題考點(diǎn)為形容詞語義辨析。extinct意為“滅絕”,其他選項(xiàng)意思不對(duì)。根據(jù)題意,A為正確答案。
譯文:據(jù)估計(jì),目前每年約有50 000個(gè)物種滅絕。
3.答案為A。本題考點(diǎn)為名詞的詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)scope意為“(活動(dòng))范圍,機(jī)會(huì),余地”,B項(xiàng)space意為“空間”,c項(xiàng)capacity意為“容量、能力”,D項(xiàng)range意為“范圍,射程”。故選項(xiàng)A符合
譯文:約翰說他目前的工作不能為他的組織能力提供充分的活動(dòng)余地。
4.答案為D。本題考點(diǎn)為名詞的詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)意為“可能性”,B項(xiàng)意為“現(xiàn)實(shí)”,c項(xiàng)意為“必要性”,D項(xiàng)意為“機(jī)會(huì)”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
譯文:在將來,很多機(jī)會(huì)將展現(xiàn)在受過大學(xué)教育的人的面前。
5.答案為B。本題考點(diǎn)為幾個(gè)形近動(dòng)詞的詞議辨析。A項(xiàng)意為“居住”,B項(xiàng)意為“繼承”,c項(xiàng)意為“禁止”,D項(xiàng)意為“吸入”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
譯文:年輕人在叔父死后繼承了漂亮的莊園,從一個(gè)窮人變成了有錢的貴族。
6.答案為D。本題要考的是形容詞與名詞的搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“繁榮的”,B項(xiàng)意為“初步的”,c項(xiàng)意為“悲觀的”,D項(xiàng)意為“預(yù)期的”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
譯文:經(jīng)理正在拜訪一個(gè)預(yù)期的客戶,試圖說服他簽訂這項(xiàng)協(xié)議。
7.答案為C。本題考的是名詞的詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)意為“復(fù)蘇”,B項(xiàng)意為“鎮(zhèn)壓”,c項(xiàng)意為.“衰退、不景氣”,D項(xiàng)意為“恢復(fù)”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)c為正確答案。
譯文:1991年,當(dāng)工業(yè)化國(guó)家遭遇經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的時(shí)候,發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)卻快速增長(zhǎng)。
8.答案為C。本題考的是動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“召集”,B項(xiàng)意為“引誘”,c項(xiàng)意為“激怒”,D項(xiàng)意為“絆倒”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。
譯文:雙子塔樓(紐約世貿(mào)中心)的摧毀激起了全世界的震驚和憤怒。
9.答案為D。本題考的是形容詞與名詞的搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“決定性的”,B項(xiàng)意為“急迫的”,c項(xiàng)意為“重大的”,D項(xiàng)意為“危機(jī)的”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
譯文:據(jù)說在飛機(jī)失事中受傷的約20名乘客處于生命垂危的狀況。
10.答案為C。 本題考的是形容詞與名詞的搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“重要性”,B項(xiàng)意為“印象”,c項(xiàng)意為“沖擊、影響”,D項(xiàng)意為“含義”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)c為正確答案。
譯文:中美之間的交往肯定會(huì)對(duì)亞太區(qū)域和全世界的和平穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
11.答案為B。本題考的是形容詞的上下文語義。A項(xiàng)意為“傾向于……的”,B項(xiàng)意為“易受傷害的”,C項(xiàng)意為“受吸引的”,D項(xiàng)意為“減少的”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
譯文:窮國(guó)極易受到國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)蕩的傷害。
12.答案為A。本題考的是形容詞的固定搭配。be subject t0意為“受……支配,使……從屬于”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。
譯文:申請(qǐng)者應(yīng)該注意,所有的職位都要求已擁有澳大利亞公民身份。
13.答案為c。本題考點(diǎn)為名詞的上下文詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)意為“入口”,B項(xiàng)意為“進(jìn)入”,c項(xiàng)意為“通路、享用權(quán)”,D項(xiàng)意為“允許”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)c為正確答案。
譯文:我們旨在確保使所有的應(yīng)試者都受到公正的待遇,享有平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
14.答案為D。本題考點(diǎn)為形容詞近義辨析。A項(xiàng)意為“唯一的”,B項(xiàng)意為“單獨(dú)的”,c項(xiàng)意為“僅儀的”,D項(xiàng)意為“單一的”。根據(jù)題意,選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
譯文:成功的學(xué)習(xí)不是一種單一的活動(dòng),而是在一種特定狀態(tài)下的4個(gè)截然不同的階段。
15.答案為c。本題考點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞的搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“抑制”,B項(xiàng)意為“預(yù)防”,c項(xiàng)意為“加強(qiáng)、提高”,D項(xiàng)意為“證明……有道理”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。
譯文:探索和運(yùn)用機(jī)會(huì)以及鼓勵(lì)這樣做能夠提高許多孩子的表現(xiàn)能力。
16.答案為B。本題考點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞的固定搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“炫耀”,B項(xiàng)意為“還清;償清”,c項(xiàng)意為“停止;結(jié)束”,D項(xiàng)意為“讓開,不接近”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
譯文:她所有的辛苦工作終于得到了回報(bào),她終于通過了考試。
17.答案為A。本題考點(diǎn)為動(dòng)詞短語的固定搭配。put up with意為“忍受,容忍”,根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。
譯文:為了過上理想的日子,實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的人生理想,我們所要做的不僅僅是忍受所發(fā)生的事件。
18.答案為B。本題的考點(diǎn)是介詞短語的固定搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“在手邊”,B項(xiàng)意為“在危急之中”,C項(xiàng)意為“全體;普遍地”,D項(xiàng)意為“最多”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
譯文:因?yàn)閲?guó)家的冠軍獎(jiǎng)牌危在旦夕,所以全隊(duì)努力打比賽。
19.答案為A。本題的考點(diǎn)是動(dòng)詞短語的固定搭配。A項(xiàng)意為“堅(jiān)持”,B項(xiàng)意為“遵守”,c項(xiàng)意為“照做”,D項(xiàng)意為“繼續(xù)”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。
譯文:我認(rèn)為你改變不了他的想法;他一旦決定某事,往往會(huì)堅(jiān)持到底。
20.答案為D。
本題的考點(diǎn)是固定詞組的辨析。A項(xiàng)意為“超過”,B項(xiàng)意為“要不是”,c項(xiàng)意為“多虧”,D項(xiàng)意為“連同一道”。根據(jù)上下文,選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
譯文:湯姆將鈔票連同零錢和收據(jù)一起放回抽屜。
Section II Cloze (20 points)
Advancing age means losing your hair,your waistline and your memory,right? Dana Denis is just 40 years old,but 21 she’s worried about what she calls’ my rolling mental blackouts. “I try to remember something and I just blank out,”she says.
You may 22 about these lapses,calling them “senior moments” or blaming “early
A1zheimer’s(老年癡呆癥)”.It is an inescapable fact that the older you get,the 23 you
remember? Well,sort 0f.But as time goes by,we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age—related.
“When a teenager can’t find her keys,she thinks it’s because she’s distracted or disorganized,”says Paul Gold.“A 70一year—old blames her 25 . ” In fact,the 70一year一old may have been 26 things for decades.
In healthy people,memory doesn’t worsen as 27 as many of us think.“As we 28 ,the memory mechanism isn’t 29 ,“says psychologist Fergus Craik.” “It’s just inefficient.”
The brain’s processing 30 slows down over the years,though no one knows exactly 31 .Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there’s less activity in the brain.But,cautions Barry Gordon,“It’s not clear that less activity is 33
A beginning athlete is winded(氣喘吁吁)more easily than a 34 athlete. In the same way. 35
the brain gets more skilled at a task, it expends less energy on it . ”
There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears, though it 37 effort. Margaret Swell says:“We’re a quick—fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain 39 shape. It’s like having a good body. You can’t go to the gym once a year 40 expect to stay in top form.
【文章題材】年齡與記憶力的減退
【文章體裁】議論文
【核心內(nèi)容】記憶力并不完全隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而減退,通過努力,記憶可以得到改善。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本文以問句“Advancing age means losing your hair,your waistline and your
memory,right? ”開頭,由例子引出文章的中心論點(diǎn):“that the older you get,the 23 you remember?(年齡越大,記憶力越差?)”緊接著,作者又以“teen-ager”和“A 70—year—old”對(duì)比;“A beginning athlete”和“a senior athlete”對(duì)比,指出我們?cè)谀挲g與記憶力的關(guān)系上存在的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)。并指出記憶力的減退不會(huì)像我們大多數(shù)人想得那樣快,通過努力,記憶可以得到改善。這也是文章的基本導(dǎo)向。
本文仍然是總分結(jié)構(gòu):
總述:It is an inescapable fact that the older you get,the 23 you remember? Well,sort of.But as time goes by,we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age—related.
(年齡增長(zhǎng)與記憶力減退的關(guān)系。)
分述:1)In healthy people,memory doesn’t worsen as 27 as many of us think.
2)The brain’s processing 30 time slows down over the years,It’s not clear that less activity is 33 worse.
3)There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears.
【參考譯文】
年老意味著頭發(fā)開始脫落、腰圍[waistline]增大、記憶減退,是不是?Dana Denis剛剛40歲,但她已經(jīng)在擔(dān)心她的所謂接踵而來的精神上的暫時(shí)性失憶[blackout ]。她說:“我試著記住一些東西但是徒勞[blank out ]。”
你也許會(huì)對(duì)這些小失誤[1apse]開玩笑,稱它們?yōu)?ldquo;高級(jí)的[senior]時(shí)刻”或者埋怨[blame]是老年癡呆癥的早期表現(xiàn)。一個(gè)不可避免的[inescapable]事實(shí)是,你越老,記憶力就越差。是的,有點(diǎn)兒道理。但隨著時(shí)間的流逝,我們傾向于把和年齡沒有必然[necessarily ]聯(lián)系的
[related]一些問題歸咎于年齡。
Paul Gold說,當(dāng)一個(gè)青少年[teenager ]不能找到她的鑰匙,她會(huì)認(rèn)為自己心煩意亂[ distracted ]或者生活秩序雜亂[ disorganized]。一個(gè)70歲的老人則會(huì)埋怨自己的記憶力。事實(shí)上.這位70歲的老人幾十年來可能都有亂放東西的習(xí)慣。
對(duì)健康人而言,記憶力的減退不會(huì)像我們大多數(shù)人想得那樣快。心理學(xué)家Fergus
Craik說:“隨著我們變老,記憶機(jī)理[ mechanism ] 并不會(huì)損壞,它只是有些效率[efficiency ]不高罷了。”
年復(fù)一年,大腦處理事情的時(shí)間慢了下來,盡管沒有人知道其中的確切原因。最近一項(xiàng)
研究顯示神經(jīng)[nerve ]細(xì)胞喪失效率后,大腦活動(dòng)遞減:但是Barry Gordon警告[caution]說:“大腦減少運(yùn)動(dòng)[activity]是不是壞事還不清楚。一個(gè)剛?cè)腴T的運(yùn)動(dòng)員[athlete]更易比年長(zhǎng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員來得氣喘吁吁[wind]。同理,隨著大腦在某一工作上獲得更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn),它就會(huì)花費(fèi)[expend]很少的精力在上面。
你可以采取幾個(gè)步驟來補(bǔ)償[compensate]你記憶傳動(dòng)裝置[gear]的正常延誤[ slippage],盡管你必須努力一點(diǎn)。Margaret Swell說,我們生活在一個(gè)急功近利的文化時(shí)代,但是你必須不斷學(xué)習(xí),從而保持大腦良好狀態(tài)。就像擁有一個(gè)好的身材。你不能期望一年只去一次健身房[gym]還保持一個(gè)好的身材。
【答案解析】
21.選C。此題考查副詞。文章首句提出疑問:年老意味著頭發(fā)開始脫落、腰圍增大、記憶減 退,是不是?這是大多數(shù)人的心理。作者以Dana Denis為例.指出她的擔(dān)心。“Dana Denis is just(僅僅)40 years old,but 21 she’s worried about what she calls,my rolling mental blackouts.”“Just”表明Dana Denis并不年老,但由于存在著對(duì)年齡的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí),她憂心忡忡。選項(xiàng)C “already(已經(jīng)) ”用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)并且位置提前,和“Just”(僅僅)”形成強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比,符合作者導(dǎo)向。
22.選A。此題考查動(dòng)詞意義辨析。從本題所處的句子“You may 22 about these lapses,
calling them ‘senior moments’ or blaming ‘early Alzheimer’s(老年癡呆癥)’.”引號(hào)中是一種
戲謔的說法,因此選項(xiàng)C “blame (責(zé)備) ”和D“ criticize (批判),”從語氣上不搭配,排除。
根據(jù)句子意思,是以開玩笑的口氣說的,因此A "joke"用作“joke about sth.(對(duì)某事開玩
笑)”適合。
23.選D。此題考查形容詞的比較級(jí):the+比較級(jí);the+比較級(jí)(越來越……)。選項(xiàng)A
“much”和B “little”為形容詞的原級(jí),排除。選項(xiàng)C “more(更多) ”不合題意。此句意思為:一個(gè)不可避免的事實(shí)是,你越老,記憶力就越差?
24.選B。此題為固定搭配:blame (sth.)for sth.(把……歸咎于……)。此句意思為:但隨
著時(shí)間的流逝,我們傾向于把和年齡沒有必然聯(lián)系的一些問題歸咎于年齡。
25.選A。此題考查名詞意義辨析。此題可綜合運(yùn)用緊扣主題法和瞻前顧后法碡題。文章
首局句指出人們的普遍認(rèn)識(shí):“Advancing age means losing your hair.your waistline and your memory,right?上文又指出:we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age—related.(我們傾向于把和年齡沒有必然聯(lián)系的一些問題歸咎于年齡。) ”因此,70歲的老人會(huì)埋怨她的A “memory(記憶力)”,而不是B “mind(思想)”、C “trouble(麻煩)”和D “health(健康)”。
26.選B。此題考查動(dòng)詞意義辨析。可用去偽存真法解題。又上文,和此題所在的句子:“In
fact.the 70一year—old may have been 26 things for decades.”中"In fact(事實(shí)上)”
是對(duì)上一句的否定。即問題不在于年齡,而在于她自身放錯(cuò)了位置。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)A "disorganizing(打亂計(jì)劃)”、B “misplacing(錯(cuò)放)”、C “putting(放置)”和D “finding(找到)”只有B適合。
27.選D。此題考查副詞意義辨析。由意思可知:對(duì)健康人而言,記憶力的減退不會(huì)像我們
大多數(shù)人想得那樣快。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,B “frequently(經(jīng)常地)”和C “timely(及時(shí)地)”不合題意,排除。A “swiftly(強(qiáng)調(diào)做事敏捷)”與動(dòng)詞“worsen”搭配不當(dāng)。D “quickly(速度快地)”與下文“The brain’s processing 30 slows down over the years”形成對(duì)比,合適。
28.選C。此題考查動(dòng)詞意義辨析。由文章首句可知:年齡增長(zhǎng),記憶力可能減退。根據(jù)此
題所在的句子又知:“As we 28 ,the memory mechanism isn’t 29 ,”says
psychologist Fergus Craik.…‘It’s just inefficient.”因此此句意思為:隨著我們變老,記
憶機(jī)制效率不高。選項(xiàng)A “mature(成熟)”、B “advance(向前)”和D “grow(長(zhǎng)大)”都不適
合。故選C “age(變老)”。
29.選A。由此題所在的句子又知:“As we 28 ,the memory mechanism isn’t 29 ,
”says psychologist Fergus Craik.”“It’s just inefficient.”空白處和"inefficient(效率不高的)”
都是用來修飾“memory mechanism”,且"inefficient"是對(duì)空白處的補(bǔ)充,因此二者意思相
近,排除C “perfect(完美的)”和D “working(運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的)”。而B “poor(糟糕的)”與文章主旨不
符合,排除。故選A.“broken(破壞的)”。
30.選B。此題考查名詞意義辨析。解題關(guān)鍵是看名詞與所接動(dòng)詞的搭配。A “pattern(方
式)”、C “space(空間)”和“information(信息)”都不能與“slows down(放慢)”搭配,排除。
B “time(時(shí)間)”符合題意。此句意思為:年復(fù)一年,大腦處理事情的時(shí)間慢了下來。
31.選A。由此題“The brain’s processing 30 slows down over the years, though no one knows exactly 31 ”可知“though”前的句子說明年復(fù)一年,大腦處理事情的時(shí)間慢了下來。“though(盡管)”表示讓步。意思為:沒有人知道其確切原因。其余選項(xiàng)都不符合題意。
32.選B。此題考查連詞?梢杂眠壿嬯P(guān)系推理法解題。上文提到:年復(fù)一年,大腦處理事
情的時(shí)間慢了下來。下一句“Recent research suggests”要揭示其原因。而“nerve cells
lose efficiency(神經(jīng)細(xì)胞效率的減少)”即研究結(jié)果成為了“less activity in the brain”的
原因。因此,兩句存在因果關(guān)系,故選B "hence(因此)”。
33.選D。分析此題所處的句子“Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency
and 32 there’s less activity in the brain.But,cautions Barry Gordon,‘It’s not
clear that less activity is 33 ”上文提到研究結(jié)果表明:神經(jīng)細(xì)胞效率丟失導(dǎo)致大腦活動(dòng)減少。轉(zhuǎn)折連詞"But"和動(dòng)詞“cautions(警告)”,表明Barry Gordon笄不同意這種說法。按照句子意思和形容詞的比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),選項(xiàng)D “worse(更糟)”合適。
34.選D。此題考查形容詞。A “beginning athlete is winded(氣喘吁吁)more easily than a
34 athlete.”由“than”可以看出是要把兩類運(yùn)動(dòng)員相比較。D “trained(經(jīng)專門訓(xùn)練的)” 與“beginning(新手的,開始的)”意思對(duì)應(yīng),符合題意。而B “senior(年長(zhǎng)的、資格老的)”是干擾項(xiàng),雖然在第2段出現(xiàn)過“senior moments”很多同學(xué)誤以為34題是前面“senior moments”的復(fù)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣的同學(xué)問你一個(gè)常識(shí)性問題:“一個(gè)剛?cè)腴T的運(yùn)動(dòng)員更易比[ ]的運(yùn)動(dòng)員來得氣喘吁吁”這句話中運(yùn)動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象(氣喘吁吁)與年長(zhǎng)和資格老有關(guān)嗎?你填“senior(年長(zhǎng)的、資格老的)”那么你想想,新手(一般是年輕的)比資格老的(一般是年長(zhǎng)的)更易氣喘吁吁?這是反自然的,不客觀的反常態(tài)的東西不要選。
35.選A。此題考查連詞。分析上下文邏輯關(guān)系,“A beginning athlete is winded(氣喘吁
吁)more easily than a 34 athlete.In the same way, 35 the brain gets more skilled at a task,it expends less energy on it.”可以看出“In the same way"前后為并列關(guān)系,前后兩句在意思上保持一致,C “though”和D “yet”表示轉(zhuǎn)折,排除。B “till(直到)”表示條件,不合題意,排除。A “as(隨著)”合適。
36.選B。此題考查名詞。固定搭配“take steps to do sth.(采取步驟以達(dá)到某目的)”。本
句意思:你可以采取幾個(gè)步驟來補(bǔ)償你記憶傳送裝置的正常延誤。其余選項(xiàng)不合題意。
37.選B。此題考查動(dòng)詞。解題關(guān)鍵是動(dòng)詞與其賓語的搭配。選項(xiàng)B “takes"用作“take effort(努力)”符合題意。A “make”通常用作“make effort to do sth.(努力干某事)”。C “does”搭配不當(dāng)。D “spends”用作"spend no effort to do sth (不遺余力干某事)”不符合題意。
38.選D。“study”是“學(xué)習(xí),研究(不斷,持續(xù)性)”的意思,強(qiáng)調(diào)過程。“study”是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。文中前半句交待:Margaret Swell says:“We’re a quick fix(quick-fix就shortcut捷徑——隱喻為急功近利)culture[我們生活在一個(gè)急功近利的文化時(shí)代]but…(后面轉(zhuǎn)折,即使急功近利,但是你應(yīng)該怎樣)——你必須不斷學(xué)習(xí),從而保持大腦良好狀態(tài)”。
39.選D。此題考查固定搭配“in shape(處于良好狀態(tài),健康)”。“Keep your brain in shape
(保持大腦健康)”與下文“a good body”前后呼應(yīng)。
40.選C。此題考查連詞?梢杂眠壿嬯P(guān)系推理法解題。“You go to the gym once a year
40 expect to stay in top form.”上文提到我們可以努力改善記憶傳輸過程中的失誤。作
者以去健身房比喻對(duì)大腦的鍛練“stay in top form.”與“Keep your brain in shape”對(duì)應(yīng)。
“can’t”是對(duì)“go to the gym once a year”和“expect to stay in top form”的同時(shí)否定,二者為并列關(guān)系,故選C。
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension(40 points)
Directions:There are 4 passages in this part,Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.
Questions 4 1 to 45 are based on the f0IIowing passage:
Prior to the 20th century,many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries.The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation,a key factor in 1anguage maintenance and preservation
It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in
the centuries ahead.Many powerful forces appear to work against it:population growth,which pushes migrant populations into the world’s last isolated locations:mass tourism;global telecommunications and mass media;and the spread of gigantic g1obal corporations.All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising,popular culture, and consumer products become similar.Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global1anguages of commerce and communication.For many of the world’ s peoples,learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education,economic opportunity,and a better way of 1ife.
Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century.Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that?
Whether most of these 1anguages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism (mastery of two languages).Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres——at home,among friends,in community settings——and a global language at work,in dealings with government,and in commercial spheres.In this way,many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages,rather than yield to the homogenizing(同化的)forces of globalization.
Ironically,the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages
could also help save them.For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.Linguists are currently using computer——aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened 1anguages.
For many endangered languages,the line between revival and death is extremely thin.
Language is remarkably resilient(有活力的),however. It is not just a tool for communicating,but also a powerful way of separating different groups,or of demonstrating group identity.Many indigenous(原生的,土著的)—communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.
譯文
在20世紀(jì)之前,很多種只有少數(shù)人使用的語言都留存[survive]了若干個(gè)世紀(jì)。聯(lián)系[interconnect]日益[increasingly]密切的現(xiàn)代世界使小語種團(tuán)體[1anguage community]更難存在于相對(duì)孤立[isolation]的環(huán)境中,這種相對(duì)的孤立對(duì)于語言的維系[maintenance(維護(hù))and preservation(保存)]是至關(guān)重要的因素[factor]。
世界能否在未來的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)中保持語言的[1inguistic]和文化的[cultural]多樣性還未知。似乎存在許多破壞這一現(xiàn)實(shí)的強(qiáng)大力量:促使人口向世界上僅存的僻靜之地[isolated location]遷移的人口增長(zhǎng);大規(guī)模的觀光旅游(的發(fā)展);全球電信[telecommunication]和大眾傳媒(的推動(dòng));巨型跨國(guó)公司[gigantic global corporation]的擴(kuò)展。所有這些動(dòng)力都意味著未來廣告語言、流行文化和消費(fèi)者[consumer]產(chǎn)品[product]都會(huì)變得相似。英語和其他幾個(gè)主要語言已經(jīng)成為[emerge]商業(yè)[commerce]和交流[communication]的通用語言了。對(duì)世界上許多國(guó)家的人們來說,學(xué)習(xí)一種這樣的語言被認(rèn)為[be viewed as]是獲得教育和經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)[opportunity]的關(guān)鍵,是更好的一種生活方式。
在下個(gè)世紀(jì),只有大約3,000種現(xiàn)存的語言有望存續(xù)下去。剩余的大多數(shù)語言接下來就要被判[doom]死刑嗎?
這些語言中的多數(shù)是否能存續(xù)下去大概要有賴于文明族群希望通過母語保持他們特征
[identity]的強(qiáng)烈程度。這樣做就要求強(qiáng)調(diào)[emphasis]雙語(掌握兩門語言)。掌握雙語的人能在稍小范圍內(nèi)使用他們自己的語言——在家里、朋友之問和社團(tuán)中,而在工作中、在跟政府部門打交道、以及在貿(mào)易[commercial]領(lǐng)域使用一種通用語言。這樣很多小語種就能夠跟通用語言并存,維系他們文化和語言的[1inguistic] 完整[integrity],而不受制于全球化[globalization]的同化影響。
具有諷刺意味地[ironically]是,威脅[threaten]到小語種[minority language]的技術(shù)革新[technological innovation]趨勢(shì)也會(huì)幫助挽救它們。比如,有專家[expert]預(yù)言電腦軟件翻譯工具終有一天會(huì)使講小語種的人們能夠用他們的母語[native tongue]上網(wǎng)瀏覽。語言學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在正在應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助學(xué)習(xí)工具教授很多行將消失的語言。
對(duì)于許多將要絕種的[endangered]語言,復(fù)活[revival]和消失之間只是一線之差[extremely thin]。然而,語言有著非凡地[remarkably]活力[resilient]。它不僅僅是交流的工具.而且是劃分不同組群、展現(xiàn)族群特征的有力方法。許多土著社區(qū)[community]已經(jīng)證明,召回他們獨(dú)特[unique]語言特征使他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)代世界生存是可能的。
參考答案解析
41.小語種能被最佳保存于_______ .
A.相互聯(lián)系日益密切的世界 B.保持很少數(shù)量的使用者
C.相對(duì)孤立的語言社區(qū) D.秉承20世紀(jì)的傳統(tǒng)
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題,根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞“Minority languages"定位于第一段最后一句話
“The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small
language communities to live in relative isolation。a key factor in language maintenance
and preservation.”,選項(xiàng)C是原文重現(xiàn),因此C為正確答案。
42.根據(jù)第二段,將來世界能夠維系語言多樣性是_______ 。
A.不確定的 B.不現(xiàn)實(shí)的
C.不可預(yù)見的 D.確定的
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,根據(jù)第二段列舉的“Many powerful forces appear to work against it”,
可推得第二段的主旨是“很多因素使維系語言多樣性不現(xiàn)實(shí)”,因此B為正確答案。
43.根劇作者所說,雙語能夠幫助______ 。
A.小語種在工作場(chǎng)合成為能被接受的
B.同化世界語言和文化
C.通用語言進(jìn)入家庭和社區(qū)
D.講話者維系他們語言和文化的特征
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞"bilingualism"定位于第三段,選項(xiàng)D是第三段"In this
way,many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity along—
side global languages"的原文重現(xiàn),因此D為正確答案。
44.電腦技術(shù)有助于維系小語種因?yàn)樗黖______ 。
A.使學(xué)習(xí)通用語言不必要
B.使學(xué)習(xí)和使用這些語言更容易
C.提高公眾挽救這些語言的意識(shí)
D.使語言學(xué)家學(xué)習(xí)這些語言更容易
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,選項(xiàng)B和D含義相近,根據(jù)第五段所舉的例子“Linguists are currently using computer—aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.”可證明電腦技術(shù)使學(xué)習(xí)和使用這些語言更容易,因此B為正確答案。
45.根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),許多行將消失的語言
A.被完好地保存于現(xiàn)代世界
B.是非常強(qiáng)大的交際工具
C.很有可能復(fù)活而不是消亡
D.是將不同的群體集合到一起的獨(dú)特方法
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞"endangered languages"定位于最后一段的“Language
is remarkably resilient.”,選項(xiàng)C與其含義相同,因此C為正確答案。
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:
Everyone,it seems,has a health problem.After pouring billions into the National Health Service,British people moan about dirty hospitals.long waits and wasted money.In Germany the new chancellor,Angela Merkel,is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system.Canada’s new Conservative Prime Minister,Stephen Harper.made a big fuss during the election about reducing the country’s lengthy medical queues.Across the rich world,affluence,ageing and advancing technology are driving up health spending faster than income.
But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America.Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages,swelling the ranks of the uninsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy.Ford’s announcement this week that it would cut up to 30.000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of it’s “legacy” health—care costs as of the ills of the car industry.Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby—boomers(生育高峰期出生的人) Wi11 crush the government’s finances, George Bush is to unveil a reform plan in next Week’s state—of —the —union address.
America’s health system is unlike any other.The Unite States spends 1 6%of its GDP on health,around twice the rich—country average,equivalent to $6,280 for every American each year.Yet it is the only rich country that does not guarantee universal health coverage.Thanks to an accident of history,most Americans receive health insurance through their employer.With the government picking up the bill for the poor and the elderly.
This curious hybrid(混合物)certainly has its strengths.Americans have more choice than anybody else, and their health—care system is much more innovative.Europeans’ bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development(R&D)for them.But there are also huge weaknesses.The one most often cited especially by foreigners——is the army of uninsured.Some 46 million Americans do not have cover.In many cases that is out of choice and if they fall seriously ill,hospitals have to treat them.But it is still deeply unequal.And there are also shocking inefficiencies:by some measures,30%of American health spending is wasted.
Then there is the question of state support.Many Americans disapprove of the“socialized
medicine”of Canada and Europe.In fact,even if much of the administration is done privately,around 60%of America’s heath—care bill ends up being met by the government.Proportionately, the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)average,and that share is set to grow as the baby—boomers run up their Medicare bills and ever more employers avoid providing health—care coverage.America is,in effect,heading towards a version of socialized medicine by default.
譯文
看上去每個(gè)人都存在醫(yī)療問題。在向國(guó)家健康服務(wù)部門傾注[pour into]了數(shù)十億的資
金后,英國(guó)人抱怨[moan]臟亂的[dirty]醫(yī)院.長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的等待和浪費(fèi)[waste]掙的金錢。在德國(guó),新總理[chancellor]Angela Merkel因?yàn)榻ㄗh[suggest]改變醫(yī)療體系[system] 的資金籌措[financing]方法而受到攻擊。加拿大新任保守[conservative]黨總理Stephen Harper,在競(jìng)選[election]期間就減少[reduce]就醫(yī)排長(zhǎng)隊(duì) [1engthy]的問題大做文章[make a big fuss]。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,富裕[affluence]、老齡化[ageing]和技術(shù)[technology]進(jìn)步都使醫(yī)療花費(fèi)[spending]增長(zhǎng)超過收入[income]增長(zhǎng)。
但是哪里的醫(yī)療問題也沒有美國(guó)嚴(yán)重。高昂的[soaring]醫(yī)療費(fèi)擠占[squeeze]了工資[wage],淹沒了未保險(xiǎn)[uninsured]者,使一些大公司甚至政府都瀕臨破產(chǎn)[bankruptcy]。本周,福特宣布[announcement]將在2012年前縮減30,000個(gè)職位,這既是醫(yī)療費(fèi)問題遺留的征兆,也是汽車工業(yè)[industry]的隱疾。民意調(diào)查表明,醫(yī)療是其國(guó)內(nèi) [domestic]主要問題之一;預(yù)測(cè)[forecast]表明在生育高峰期出生并已退休的[retiring]人會(huì)拖垮政府財(cái)政。受其影響,在下周的聯(lián)邦演講中,George Bush將要宣布一項(xiàng)改革[reform]計(jì)劃。
美國(guó)的醫(yī)療體系跟其他任何國(guó)家都不同。美國(guó)要花費(fèi)其國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的16%用于醫(yī)療,大約是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家平均水平的二倍,相當(dāng)[equivalent]于每年人均6,280美元。但美國(guó)也是唯一不保證[guarantee]普遍醫(yī)療覆蓋的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。多虧歷史上的一個(gè)事故,大多數(shù)美國(guó)人通過他們的雇主獲得醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)[health insurance],而政府則負(fù)責(zé)那些貧窮和上了年紀(jì)的[elderly]人的醫(yī)療費(fèi)。
這一特殊混合物[hybrid]當(dāng)然有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。美國(guó)人比任何國(guó)家的人選擇都多,并且他們的醫(yī)療體系很新[innovative]。如果美國(guó)的醫(yī)藥界不為他們做大量的研發(fā),歐洲人的醫(yī)療費(fèi)會(huì)更多。最常常被提起[cite] 的——尤其[especially]是被外國(guó)人[foreigner]提起的——就是軍人沒有醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。大約46,000,000美國(guó)人沒被覆蓋。如果他們得了重[seriously]病,就沒得選擇,醫(yī)院必須對(duì)他們進(jìn)行救治。但仍很不平等[unequal]。效率也極低:有估算[measure]30%美國(guó)人的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用被浪費(fèi)了。
因此產(chǎn)生了政府支持問題。許多美國(guó)人不贊成[disapprove]加拿大和歐洲實(shí)施的“公費(fèi)醫(yī)療制度[socialized medicine]”。事實(shí)上,即使很多行政部門私下[privately]行動(dòng).大約60%的美國(guó)醫(yī)療費(fèi)都是由政府買單的。相應(yīng)地[proportionately],美國(guó)政府在醫(yī)療上的開銷等同于其在經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織中的平均數(shù),而這一份額是用于支付生育高峰期出生的人們的醫(yī)療費(fèi)的,數(shù)量比以往都要多的雇員逃避為醫(yī)療覆蓋[coverage]埋單。實(shí)際上,美國(guó)正在取消[by default]公費(fèi)醫(yī)療制度。
參考答案解析
46.文中提到的醫(yī)療問題不包括下面_________ 。
A.英國(guó)糟糕的醫(yī)院條件 B.Angela Merkel受到指責(zé)
C.德國(guó)醫(yī)療經(jīng)費(fèi)的籌措 D.加拿大排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,選項(xiàng)B是政治問題不符合題目要求,因此B為正確答案。
47.福特宣布到2012年前減少30,000個(gè)職位表明福特_________。
A.在汽車行業(yè)中醫(yī)療問題最嚴(yán)重 B.從其遺留的醫(yī)療問題中獲益
C.累積了太沉重的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān) D.欠雇員很多債
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題,根據(jù)題目中的關(guān)鍵詞“30,000”“2012”定位于第二段的“Ford’s announcement this week that it would cut up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of it’s‘legacy’health—care costs as of the ills of the car industry”,選項(xiàng)C與其含義相同,因此C為正確答案。
48.根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),美國(guó)的醫(yī)療體系________ 。
A.效率低 B.靈活 C.不受歡迎 D.成功
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞“America’ s health system"定位于第三、四段,根
據(jù)第四段最后一句話“And there are also shocking inefficiencies:by some measures,30%of American health spending is wasted"可知美國(guó)醫(yī)療體系效率很低,選項(xiàng)A與其含義相同,因此A為正確答案。
49.文中暗示__________ 。
A.美國(guó)的醫(yī)療體系存在優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)
B.美國(guó)政府為窮人和老人支付醫(yī)療費(fèi)
C.大約46,000,000的美國(guó)人沒有醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)
D.歐洲人從美國(guó)的醫(yī)療研究中獲益匪淺
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞迅速在原文中定位,A、B、C三項(xiàng)都是文中明確說明的,選項(xiàng)D需要通過“Europeans’bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development(R&D)for them”推出,因此D為正確答案。
50.從最后一段我們了解到“社會(huì)化醫(yī)療”是
A.加拿大和歐洲的舉措
B.被美國(guó)采納的一項(xiàng)政策
C.為生育高峰期出生的人們退休之用
D.由私營(yíng)企業(yè)執(zhí)行的
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是含義題,根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞“socialized medicine"定位于”Many American disapprove of the‘socialized medicine’of Canada and Europe.”,根據(jù)前后句可推知句意,借助句意知道"socialized medicine"的含義是加拿大和歐洲的舉措.因此A為正確答案。
Questions 5 1 t0 55 are based on the following passage:
When Thomas Keller,one。f America's foremost chefs, announced that on Sept.1 he would
abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se.his luxury restaurant in New York City,and replace it with European—style service charge,I knew three groups would be opposed:customers,servers and restaurant owners.These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites.To oppose tipping.it seems, is to be anticapita1ist,and maybe even a little French.
But Mr.Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about
everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.
Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense.“Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job”is how most advocates of the system would put it.To be sure,this is a tempting,apparently rational statement about economic theory,but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.
Michael Lynn,an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell’s
School of Hotel Administration,has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumers assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.
Rather,customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good.Mr.Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.
What’s more,consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases.Thus,the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call“up-welling”:every bottle of imported water,every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket.Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low—key,quality service often goes unrecognized.
In addition,the practice of tip pooling,which is the norm in fine—dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon,has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter.In an unreasonable outcome,you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one.Indeed,there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service.
■譯文
當(dāng)Thomas Keller——美國(guó)首席[foremost]廚師[chef]之一 ——宣布[announce]從九月一日起在紐約城豪華[luxury]飯店[restaurant]Per Se.中取消小費(fèi)制度,而換[replace with]之以歐洲的服務(wù)收費(fèi)方式,我相信有三種人會(huì)反對(duì)[oppose]顧客[customer]、服務(wù)員和飯店老板[owner]。這三種人與小費(fèi)制度密切相關(guān)—并且他們很快在網(wǎng)上表明了這一點(diǎn)。反對(duì)小費(fèi)制度似乎是反資本主義的[anticapitalist],可能甚至有點(diǎn)兒法國(guó)式的。
但是在取消小費(fèi)制度上,Keller先生是正確的一一餐飲行業(yè)幾乎所有的人都堅(jiān)持[stick with]這種做法的原因也值得探討[exploring].
顧客支持小費(fèi)制度是因?yàn)樗麄冇X得這樣有經(jīng)濟(jì)[economic]意義.大多數(shù)支持[advocate]這項(xiàng)制度的人這樣認(rèn)為“服務(wù)員[waiter]知道如果他們不好好服務(wù)就得不到小費(fèi)”。的確,這是關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)理論[theory]很具吸引力、也很[apparently]理性的[rational]陳述[statement],但真正對(duì)餐飲業(yè)的適用性[applicability]不大。
康奈爾大學(xué)酒店管理[administration]學(xué)院的消費(fèi)者行為[behavior]與營(yíng)銷學(xué)[marketing]副教授[an associate professor]Michael Lynn研究了許多[dozens of]學(xué)生付小費(fèi)的情況后得出結(jié)論[conclude]:消費(fèi)者對(duì)服務(wù)[service]質(zhì)量[quality]的評(píng)價(jià)[assessment]跟他們支付的小費(fèi)數(shù)額聯(lián)系[correlate]不大。
相對(duì)于頻頻斟滿他們的水杯的侍者而言,顧客更愿意[in response t]多付小費(fèi)給那些跟他們有接觸或是向餐桌俯身跟他們聊上幾句[make conversation]的侍者.顧客是因?yàn)橄矚g這個(gè)侍者而不是他的服務(wù)到位而多給小費(fèi)。Lynn的研究也表明[indicate]。男顧客會(huì)多給女侍者、女顧客會(huì)多給男侍者小費(fèi)。
而且,消費(fèi)者似乎忘記了消費(fèi)越多,小費(fèi)越多。這樣給小費(fèi)的規(guī)矩就是公開要餐飲業(yè)的專業(yè)人員[professional] “水漲船高”:一瓶進(jìn)口[import]濃咖啡[espresso]和一杯雞尾酒[cocktail]都要給額外[extra]付給侍者小費(fèi)。小費(fèi)越付越多,而低調(diào)、質(zhì)量服務(wù)則不被認(rèn)可。
此外,作為好飯店準(zhǔn)則的、正在為更多各類飯店所接受的集中[pool]小費(fèi)的做法,破壞[ruin]了你付小費(fèi)對(duì)侍者個(gè)人[individual]的影響。一個(gè)不合理的 [unreasonable]結(jié)果是你在飯店通過不給服務(wù)差的侍者小費(fèi)來懲罰 [punish]服務(wù)好的侍者。的確,付小費(fèi)和優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)之間幾乎沒有關(guān)系。
參考答案解析
51.可以推斷歐洲式的服務(wù) 。
A.不付小費(fèi)的 B.幾乎不收小費(fèi)
C.是作者發(fā)起的 D.由Per—se提供
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,選項(xiàng)A和B含義相近,根據(jù)"he would abolish the practice of tip—
ping at Per Se.his luxury restaurant in New York City,and replace it with European
—style service charge,replace"表明與付小費(fèi)制度相反,因此A為正確答案。
52.根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),下面哪個(gè)不真實(shí)?
A.在餐飲業(yè)付小費(fèi)是普遍的做法 B.侍者不在乎小費(fèi)
C.顧客通常篤信付小費(fèi) D.付小費(fèi)與服務(wù)的質(zhì)量關(guān)系甚微
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是推斷題,根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞迅速在原文中定位,選項(xiàng)A、c、D都是文中明確說明的,因此B為正確答案。
53.根據(jù)Michael Lynn的研究,侍者可能得到更多的小費(fèi)如果他們 。
A.提供優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù) B.經(jīng)常斟滿顧客的水杯
C.討顧客喜歡 D.為同性顧客服務(wù)
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞"more tips"定位于"customers tip the more when they like the server, not when the service is good".,選項(xiàng)C和原文含義相同
54.我們可以從上下文推斷"upwelling"(第6段第2行)的意思可能是
A.賣完 B.出售奇特的東西
C.出售多余的東西 D.以更昂貴的價(jià)格出售某物
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是含義題,根據(jù)前句"What’s more,consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases"和冒號(hào)后面對(duì)"upwelling"的解釋"every bottle of imported water。every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket.”,可推得正確答案D。
55.此文主要講述 。
A.廢除付小費(fèi)行為的原因 B.付小費(fèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)意義
C.消費(fèi)者對(duì)付小費(fèi)的態(tài)度 D.為優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)付小費(fèi)
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是主旨題,通讀首、尾段的首、尾句后可知本文主要講述廢除付小費(fèi)行為的原因,因此A為正確答案
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:
“I promise.”“I swear to you it’ll never happen again.”“I give you my word.““Honestly.Believe me.”Sure,I trust.Why not? I teach English composition at a private college.With a certain excitement and intensity,I read my students’essays,hoping to find
the person behind the pen.As each semester progresses,plagiarism(剽竊)appears.Not only is my intelligence insulted as one assumes 1 won’t detect a polished piece of prose from an otherwise—average writer,but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer.Writers have styles 1ike fingerprints and after several assignments.I can match a student’s work with his or her name even if it’s missing from the upper lefthand corner.
Why is learning less important than a higher grade—point average(GPA)? When we’re threatened or sick,we make conditional promises.“If you let me pass math I will….. ” “Lord, if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I’ll…”Once the situation is behind us ,so are the promises. Human nature? Perhaps, but we do use that cliché(陳詞濫調(diào))to get us out of uncomfortable bargains.Divine interference during distress is asked;gratitude is unpaid.After all,few fulfiIl the contract,so why should anyone be the exception.Why not ?
Six years ago, I took a student before the dean. He had turned in an essay with the vocabulary and sentence structure of PhD thesis. Up until that time, both his out —of —class and in— class work were borderline passing.
I questioned the person regarding his essay and he swore it I’d understand this copy would not have the time and attention an out一of—class paper is given,but he had already a finished piece so he understood what was asked.He sat one hour,then turned in part of a page of unskilled writing and faulty 1ogic.I confronted him with both essays. “I promise…I’m not lying.” I swear to you that I wrote the essay. I’m just nervous today.
The head of the English department agreed with my finding,and the meeting with the dean had the boy’s parents present.After an hour of discussion,touching on eight of the boy’s previous essays and his grade—point average,which indicated he was already on academic probation (留校察看),the dean agreed that the student had plagiarized. His parents protested, “He ’s only a child” and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate. College people are not really children and most times would resent being labeled as such….Except in this uncomfortable circumstance.
■譯文
“我承諾[promise].” “我向你發(fā)誓再也不會(huì)這樣了。”“我向你保證。”“真的[honestly],請(qǐng)相信我.”當(dāng)然,我信,為什么不呢?我在一所私立大學(xué)[private college]教英文寫作[composition]。 我很興奮[excitement]地閱讀學(xué)生們的文章[essay]以期能從文字上來認(rèn)識(shí)他們。隨著每個(gè)學(xué)期[semester]的推移,剽竊[plagiarism]出現(xiàn)了。不僅僅是當(dāng)有人認(rèn)為 [assume]我不會(huì)查明優(yōu)美的[polished]散文[prose]是由別人所寫時(shí),我感到智慧[intelligence]受到了侮辱 [insult],而且我對(duì)于學(xué)生向同學(xué)買文章感到悲哀。作者的寫作風(fēng)格就像指紋[fingerprint]一樣獨(dú)特,幾次作業(yè)[assignment]之后,我就能把一個(gè)學(xué)生的文章跟他或她的名字聯(lián)系到一起,即使[even if]他們并沒有在文章左上角寫名字。
為什么學(xué)習(xí)沒有分?jǐn)?shù)重要?當(dāng)我們受到威脅[threaten]或感到不舒服[sick]的時(shí)候,我們做有條件的[conditional]承諾。“如果你讓我通過數(shù)學(xué)考試,我就……” “老師,如果在我回國(guó)[homecoming]之前你讓我通過,我就……”而一旦情勢(shì)[situation]事過境遷,承諾也就成了空話。是人類的本性嗎?也許,但我們的確用那些陳詞濫調(diào)來擺脫困境。危難[distress]的時(shí)候?qū)で笊竦腫divine]幫助,感激不需報(bào)酬。畢竟,幾乎沒人能夠履行[fulfill]這一契約[contract],所以為什么有人會(huì)例外[exception]?又為什么沒有人會(huì)例外?
六年前,我把一個(gè)學(xué)生帶到系主任那里.他交的文章中有博士論文中的詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)[structure]。截至那時(shí),他的課內(nèi)外作業(yè)都在及格邊緣[borderline].
我就他的文章提問,他發(fā)誓[swear]他理解這篇文章,只是他坐了一個(gè)小時(shí),然后交了不到一頁的毫無技巧并且邏輯[logic]錯(cuò)誤的[faulty]文章。我讓他看著兩篇文章。“我發(fā)誓……我沒撒謊。我向您發(fā)誓那是我寫的文章,只是今天我緊張[nervous]. ”
英語系[department]的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)認(rèn)同我的發(fā)現(xiàn),系主任[dean]請(qǐng)來了這個(gè)孩子的父母。經(jīng)過一小時(shí)的討論后,根據(jù)他以前的[previous]八篇文章和他成績(jī)——這些已經(jīng)表明他該留校察看[academic probation],系主任認(rèn)同這個(gè)學(xué)生剽竊[plagiarize]。他父母表示抗議[protest],“他只是個(gè)孩子,老師[instructor]們更明智,也應(yīng)該富有同情心[compassionate]。”大學(xué)生不再是孩子,大多數(shù)情況下他們也不愿[resent]被當(dāng)成[be labeled as]孩子……除了這種讓人不適的情況[circumstance]。
■參考答案解析
56. 根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),學(xué)生們剽竊主要是因?yàn)?nbsp; .
A.金錢 B.學(xué)位 C.高分 D.名譽(yù)
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題,題目的關(guān)鍵詞“plagiarism”定位于第一段.但在第一段找不到答案,
第二段與第一段聯(lián)系緊密,根據(jù)文中第二段第一句話"Why is learning less important than a
higher grade point average(GPA)?”可知C為正確答案.
57.“一旦情勢(shì)時(shí)過境遷,這些承諾也是。”的意思是 。
A.學(xué)生通常會(huì)信守諾言
B.有些學(xué)生會(huì)不守諾言
C.這些諾言也會(huì)時(shí)過境遷
D.正如我們不能夠提前判斷形勢(shì)那樣,我們不能預(yù)知諾言
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是含義題,聯(lián)系上下文以及后面提到的"After all,few fulfill the contract”.可知
“Once the situation is behind us,so are the promises"是諾言也會(huì)事過境遷的意思.因此C為正
確答案。
58.第三段第三行的“borderline passing"的意思是 。
A.相當(dāng)好 B.極差 C.在平均水平之 D.在平均水平之下
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是含義題,根據(jù)上下文可判斷這個(gè)學(xué)生成績(jī)不佳,而“borderline”的意思為“邊緣”,
因此可推知B為正確答案。
59.這個(gè)孩子的父母認(rèn)為應(yīng)該原諒他們的孩子主要是因?yàn)?nbsp; 。
A.老師們應(yīng)該有同情心 B.他只是個(gè)孩子
C.老師們更明智 D.他受到了威脅
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是細(xì)節(jié)題,根據(jù)題目的關(guān)鍵詞"The boy's parents"定位于"His parents protested'’,“He’s only a child'’,選項(xiàng)B是原文重現(xiàn),因此B為正確答案。
60.下述哪個(gè)可以作為文章的標(biāo)題?
A.人類的本性 B.有條件的承諾 C.怎樣抓獲作弊 D.剽竊的悲哀
【思路詳解】
解答:此題是主旨題,通讀所有段落的首、尾句,借助文章最開始列舉的一些引語可知文章
的中心內(nèi)容是關(guān)于“承諾”的,其余段落都是為了說明這個(gè)問題,因此B為正確答案:
Section IV Translation (20 points)
【譯文】
推進(jìn)我們時(shí)代中正在進(jìn)行的變化是作為經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的突出特點(diǎn)的人類創(chuàng)造力的進(jìn)步。創(chuàng)造力因其產(chǎn)生的新技術(shù)、新工業(yè)和新財(cái)富而受到了尊重。因此,我們的生活和社會(huì)開始與有創(chuàng)造性的觀點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)。正是我們對(duì)各種創(chuàng)造力的保證組成了我們時(shí)代的潛在精神。
創(chuàng)造力對(duì)我們?nèi)缃竦纳詈凸ぷ鞣绞绞腔镜,并在很多方面早已是這樣:生活水平的重大進(jìn)步——不算在市場(chǎng)中的巨大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)——都是來自“菜譜,而不僅僅是更多的烹飪”。有人認(rèn)為這并不完全正確。比如,有人指出,從工業(yè)革命早期到現(xiàn)代的這一漫長(zhǎng)時(shí)期在工業(yè)化國(guó)家,生產(chǎn)力和物質(zhì)財(cái)富的很多增長(zhǎng)不單單來自于像蒸汽機(jī)這樣有創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)明,而來自于廣泛使用“數(shù)量烹飪”的商業(yè)方法,比如大規(guī)模的勞動(dòng)分工、集資、垂直一體化和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。但那些方法本身都是具有創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。
Section V Writing (20 points)
中文思路及譯文 范文
1.對(duì)圖表進(jìn)行概述
上方的表格清晰地顯示出與2004年相
比2005年中國(guó)某個(gè)城市的交通事故的相
關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。從圖表中.我們可以了解關(guān)于該城
市與2004年相比.2005年事故的發(fā)生率和
事故升降的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字: The table above clearly shows accident related statistics in a Chinese city compared with 2004 values.According to the table。we can see the percentages of various categories rose or fell with respect to their 2004 values.
2.對(duì)圖表中的關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行描述
2005年與2004年相比,因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)左轉(zhuǎn)
彎疏忽雨造成的事故發(fā)生的數(shù)量最多。因
司機(jī)酒后駕駛面造成的事故增長(zhǎng)比率最高。
只有2005年因司機(jī)沒用指示燈而造成的事
故呈下降趨勢(shì)。因其他原因造成的事故都
比2004年升高了約10%.整體呈上升趨
勢(shì)。 Compared with 2004,drivers turning
left without due care caused the most accidents in 2005.The highest accident rate
was caused by the drivers driving under the influence of alcohol compared with 2004.It was increased by 15%.Only the accidents caused by drivers failing to give a signal fell down in 2005.Accidents caused by other reasons increased as well by about 10%.The tendency to get into accident in 2005 was up in general.
3.闡明圖表中表明現(xiàn)象背后的原因
由圖表中所給出事故原因.我們可以得
到這一趨勢(shì)的出現(xiàn)總結(jié)出如下原因:第一,
人們對(duì)交通法規(guī)意識(shí)不夠。第二,政府對(duì)司
機(jī)的培訓(xùn)不到位。 From the reasons given in the table
we can get following conclusion:first,
many people have no consciousness of traffic rules.Second,the training given to the
drivers b not enough.
4.闡述由圖表得出的結(jié)論
這一趨勢(shì)會(huì)對(duì)我們生命造成嚴(yán)重威脅。
這樣的高事故率應(yīng)該引起我們及政府的重視。 This tendency will put our will into danger.Such a high accident rate should
give us and our government a warning.
5.結(jié)合結(jié)論給出評(píng)論或建議
要降低這一趨勢(shì),在我看來,我們應(yīng)該
加強(qiáng)交通法規(guī)的學(xué)習(xí),不違規(guī)。政府應(yīng)該加
強(qiáng)對(duì)司機(jī)的培訓(xùn)。 In order to decrease the accidents,in my opinion,we should learn traffic rules and don’t break them.Our government should enforce the training of the drivers
6.綜述,總結(jié)
總之,只有通過全社會(huì)的共同努力,我
們才能有一個(gè)安全的生存環(huán)境。 On the whole,only through working together by whole society can we have safer living conditions.
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