一、一般現在時  

    一般現在時通常表示習慣動作、一般狀態、客觀規律和永恒真理。如主語為第三人稱單數, 動詞后需加s或es。  

He always gets up late on Sundays.（習慣動作）
He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.（一般狀態）  
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. （客觀規律）

    [提示]  

    在以等引導的時間狀語從句中, 或以if, unless等引導的條件狀語從句中, 通常用一般現在時代替一般將來時。  
I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back. （as soon as, when, after一般現在時表將來時）
You’ll succeed if you try you best. （一般現在時表將來時）

二、現在進行時  

    現在進行時表示說話時正在進行的動作, 也表示目前一段時間內正在進行?的活動。表示后一種情況時, 動作不一定正在進行。  
They are putting up the scaffolding.（說話時正在進行的動作）
Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing. （目前一段時間內正在進行的活動）

    [提示]  

    1. 并非所有動詞都有進行時, 有些表示狀態和感覺的動詞通常無進行時, 除非這類動詞的詞義發生變化。這類動詞有:be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem等。  
Do you see anyone over there? （表示狀態和感覺的動詞通常無進行時）
Are you seeing someone off? （詞義發生變化）

    2. 現在進行時也可表示將來的動作: 它指按人們的計劃、安排將要發生的動作或指即將開始的動作。  
I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow. （表示將來的動作）
Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa. （表示將來的動作）

    3. 現在進行時也可用來給習慣性動作加上贊賞或討厭等感情色彩。  
She is always cooking some delicious food for her family. （感情色彩）
He is always finding fault with his employees. （感情色彩）

三、現在完成時  

    現在完成時表示目前已完成的動作或剛剛完成的動作, 也可表示從過去某一刻發生, 現仍延續著的動作或情況。此時態強調動作對現在的影響。  
The conference has lasted for five days. （已完成的動作）
He’s just bought an nuusual taxi. （剛剛完成的動作）

    [提示]  

    1. 當句子中出現表示到現在為止這段時間的狀語時, 謂語動詞一般用現在完成時。  

    此類狀語有up to (till) now, so far, these days, this summer, for…(后接一段時間的短語), since…等。  

    We haven’t seen each other again since we graduated in 1987.  

    2. 句中謂語動詞是用一般過去時還是用現在完成時主要取決于動作是否對現在有影響。  

    What did she say about it?  

    I have lived in Nanjing for 15 years. （對現在有影響）


四、一般過去時  

    一般過去時表示過去某個特定時間發生且一下子就完成的動作, 也可表示過去習慣性的動作。一般過去時不強調動作對現在的影響, 只說明過去。  

    I had a word with Julia this morning. (一下子就完成的動作)

    He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up. (習慣性的動作)

[提示]  

    1. 一般過去時常與表示過去的時間狀語或從句連用, 如yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when …等。  

    2.“used to＋動詞原形”表示“過去常常”而現在已停止的習慣動作。  

    He used to work fourteen hours a day. (過去常常)

    另外, 注意區別“used to”和“be used to”。后者意為“習慣于…”, to為介詞, 后跟名詞或動名詞。  
She is used to hard work.
她習慣于艱苦工作。


五、過去進行時  

    過去進行時表示過去某時正在發生的動作, 也可表示過去某段時間內正在發生或反復發生的動作。  

    Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me his experiences as a young man. (過去正在發生)

    Bill was coughing all night long. （過去反復發生）

六、過去完成時  

    過去成時表示過去某時之前已完成的動作或狀況。在時間上, 它屬于“過去的過去”。在句中常有明顯的參照動作或有表示“到過去某時為止”的時間?狀語。  By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.  

    They found that a stream had formed in the field.  

七、一般將來時  

    一般將來時表示某個將來時間會發生的動作或情況, 也可表示將來反復發生的動作或習慣性的動作。  

    He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic. （將來發生）

    The students will have five English classes per week this term. （將來反復）

    [提示]  

    be going to, be to, be about to等也可表示將來發生的動作, 但它們常常表示打算、計劃、安排和即將要發生的動作。will表示說話人認為、相信、希望或假定要發生的動作或情況。  

八、將來進行時  

    將來時間時表示將來某時正在發生或持續的動作。其構成: will+be+動詞的現在分詞。  

    I’ll be reading this time tomorrow. （將來正在進行）

    Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.（持續）  

九、將來完成時  

    將來完成時表示將來某時前已完成的動作, 它與可用來表示推測。  

    They will have stayed here for five months next week. （將來完成）

    By the end of next month, they will have studied twenty passages. （推測）

十、現在完成進行時  

    現在完成時間時表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作。此動作或情況可能已停止, 也可能繼續下經也可表示剛結束的動作。  
I’ve been working for IBM for 15 years.  
I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.  

    [提示]  

    現在完成時和現在完成進行時的區別是: 前者一般表示已結束的動作或情況, 它強調對現在的影響。后者一般表示仍在進行或剛剛還在進行的動作或情況, 它強調動作的延續性。  

    I have thought it over.

我已經考慮過這件事了。  

    I have been thinking it over.  

    我一直在考慮這件事。  

    Be carful! Peter have been painting the car.  

    注意!彼得剛才還在給這部車上油漆。(油漆尚未干)。  

    Exercies 1 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:  

    1. Even if it _________ this afternoon, I will go there.  

    A. has rained C. rains B. will rain D. will have rained  

    2. _________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.  

    A. He would heave school C. He had left school B. He left school D. He has left school  

    3. We _________ each other for ten years.  

    A. had known C. have been knowing B. have known D. know  

    4. They fulfilled the plan earlier than they _________ .  

    A. have expected B. expected C. were expecting D. had expected  

    5. "Will she finish the work soon?" "Yes, she _________ by next Friday."  

    A. shall finish B. finish C. rains D. will have finished  

    6. It _________ almost every day so far this month.  

    A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining  

    7. My wife _________ .  

    A. has forever criticized me B. forever criticizes me C. was forever criticizing me D. is forever criticizing me  

    8. He _________ in a small workshop, but now he is the head of a big business company.  

    A. used to working B. was used to work C. used to work D. was used to working  

    9. My grandmother _________ rural life.  

    A. has used to B. used to C. is used to D. uses to  

    10. I _________ my breakfast when the morning post came.  
11. I’m glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we _________ him for several years.  

    A. haven’t seen B. don’t see C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen  

    12. The conference _________ a full week by the time it ends.  

    A. has lasted B. lasts C. will have lasted D. is lasted  

13. The computer, working very fast, _________ data at the speed of light.  

    A. has handled B. handled C. handling D. handles  

    14. The sun _________ in the east and _________ in the wast.  

    A. rise, set B. rises, sets C. rose, set D. is rising, is setting  

    15. Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkings _________ his experience as a young man.  

    A. was telling B. told C. tell D. is telling 
    A. has B. had been having C. was having D. have been having