第二節(jié) 語 態(tài)  

    被動語態(tài)常用于下列幾種情況:

    一、動作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時

    Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
    Rome was not built in a day.

    二、為了強調(diào)動作的承受者

    Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.
    Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.

    三、為了修辭的需要

    He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
    Yesterdayu he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.

[提示]

    1. 除及物動詞外, 一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語動詞也可作用被動態(tài)形式, 除個別情況外, 短語動詞一般不拆開使用。

    This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.（短語）

    2. 不及物動詞(或相當(dāng)于一個不及物動詞的短語動詞)和表示狀態(tài)的動詞(或短語動詞)無被動態(tài)形式, 如happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等; 以及l(fā)ack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of,look like等。

    The story took place in 1949.

    3. 將主動態(tài)形式改為被動態(tài)形式時如遇到動詞后跟雙賓語的情況, 我們只能將其中之一變成主語, 另一個保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語變成主語時, 保持在原位的間接賓語前需加介詞to。

    I gave my hasband a tie as a birthday pressent.
    →My hasband was given a tie as a birthday present.
    →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.

    Exercises 2 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:

    1. The professor was knowledgeable and eloquent and ___B_______ with enthusiasm.

      A. was always listened            B. was always listened to
      C. always was listened            D. always listened to

    2. He returned a week later and found his house ____D______ .

      A. has broken into                B. was broken into
      C. to be broken into              D. has been broken into

    3. The United Kingdom _____C_____ Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

      A. consisted of                    B. is consisted of
      C. consists of                    D. consist
4. These oranges ______B____ nice. （smell feel taste主動形式可表被動）

      A. are tasted                      B. taste
      C. is tasted                      D. tastes

    5. In 1950, she was the largest ship that ______D____ .

      A. was ever built                  B. has ever built
      C. has ever been built            D. had ever been built

    6. The house suddenly collapsed while it ____C______ down.

      A. was pulled                      B. pulled
      C. was being pulled                D. had been pulled

    7. "How do you like your new position?" "I ____B______ ."

      A. don’t satisfy                  B. am not satisfied（狀態(tài)）
      C. can’t satisfy                  D. haven’t satisfied

    8. The sixth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,
________D__ and perfected now.

      A. developed                      B. will have been developed
      C. have developed                  D. are being developed

    9. There are more than fifty proposals ___B_______ at the conference.

      A. discussed                      B. to be discussed C. discussing                      D. having discussed

    10. Though Newton was a great scientist, many of his ideas
________D__ today and are being modified by the work of today’s scientists.

      A. are to challenge                B. are challenging
      C. may be challenged              D. have been challenged
第三節(jié) 虛擬語氣  
一、虛擬式用于非真實條件句時的構(gòu)成  
If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.  

If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference, wouldn’t have been so successful.  

If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.  
[提示]  

1. 在非真實條件句中, 有時從句的動詞所表示的動作和主句的動詞所表示的動作并不同時發(fā)生,這樣的條件句中使用的虛似式稱為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。  
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.  

If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.  

2. 引導(dǎo)非真實條件從句的連詞if在正式文件中有時可以省去, were, had,  
should等非行為動詞這時應(yīng)提到從句句首。  

If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.  
→Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.  

3. 有些句子從表層結(jié)構(gòu)上看無if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句, 但從深層意思上看是存在的。這種情況下主句動詞仍需用虛擬式。這類句子中常出現(xiàn)without(如果沒有), but for(要不是),otherwise(否則), but that(若不, 后接一從句)等詞或詞組。  

But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.  
要不是你的幫助, 他們就不會取得成功。  

She wasn’t felling well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.  
她感不舒服。不然她不會那么早就離開會場的。  

二、虛擬式也可用于其他情況  

1. 在it’s necessary (important, natural, essential, proposed, required,  
suggested, impossible, strange) that…引導(dǎo)的真正的主語從句中動詞應(yīng)用虛擬式,  
表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚訝、不相信等意。  
It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.  

It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.  

It’s only natural that you should be nervous. 你感到緊張是很自然的。  

The dentist suggested that she (should) come another day.  

It is highly important that we (should) combine revolutionary sweep with  
practicalness. "對我們來說,把革命氣概和實際精神結(jié)合起來是很重要的。"  

It is impossible that he should have missed the train. 他不可能誤車。  

It’s strange that he should have failed in the exam.  

2. 在ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist?  
等動詞后的賓語從句中, 動詞也用虛擬式, 表示命令、建議、要求等。  
I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow.  
He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day afterthe experiment was done. 他堅持要求我們在做完實驗后第二天將實驗報告交上來。  

He asked that they (should) be allowed to use a dictionary.他要求準(zhǔn)許他們用詞典。  
The director required that we should work all night主任要求我們通宵工作。  
The mayor ordered that free food be distributed.市長命令發(fā)放免費食品。  
The boss demanded that Mary (should) finish it within a week.老板要求瑪麗在一周內(nèi)完成它。
I propose we should have another meeting. 我提議我們再開一次會議。  
I command that he go at once.我命令他立即就去  
注意,以上句中insist意為“堅持要求”。如insist作“堅持認(rèn)為”解, 則不需用虛擬式。  

He insisted that he was right.  
他堅持認(rèn)為他是對的。  

3. 虛擬式可用于wish后的賓語從句中, 表示與事實相反的愿望。  

I wish I had been to the concert last night.  
I wish he would forgive me.  

4. It’s (high, about) time that…的句型要求用虛擬式, 表示應(yīng)該做還沒做的事。((時節(jié))正盛的;(時機)成熟的)  
It’s high time that he stopped smoking.  
It is high time you made up your mind.你該拿主意了。  
It’s about time that we took our leave.  
I’d rather you left tommorrow instead of today.  
I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that.  

6. 在as if (though) 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中, 謂語動詞有時用虛擬式。  

She looks as if she knew all about it.  
They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.  

Exercises 3 Choose the best answer to complete the following senterces:  

1. If you ___________ that leat movie last night, you wouldn’t be dozy(困倦的) now.  

  A. haven’t watched  B. didn’t watch  
  C. hadn’t watchedD. wouldn’t have watched  


2. Had I knon it, I ___________ you.  

  A. have told B. had told  
  C. wouldn’t be told  D. would have told  

3. ___________ the storm, we should have reached our destination.  

  A. For but  B. But for  
  C. In spite of D. In case of  

4. She insisted that what she had done ___________ right.  

  A. was  B. is  
  C. beD. had been  

5. I wish you ___________ me yesterday.

5. 在I would (had) rather后的句子中, 動詞也要求用虛擬式, 表示某人的愿望。