倒裝語序有兩類: 全部倒裝和部分倒裝。

全部倒裝：指謂語部分全部提到主語之前；
部分倒裝：指謂語的一部分提到主語之前。

倒裝語序常出現在下列情況中:

1. 為避免句子部分內容重復, 英語中常用倒裝句,即: so (neither, nor)+be動詞(助動詞, 情態(tài)動詞)+主語。
My fater is an engineer; so is my husband.
Jane didn’t attend my class yesterday; nor did Torris.
"John can’t swim." "Neither can I.""約翰不會游泳。" "我也不會。"

[提示]如表示贊同別人的陳述, so后面的部分不倒裝。
"Jim is a good-swimmer."
"So he is, and so is Dick."

2. 具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時, 句子一般部分倒裝,即將be動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提到主語前。這類詞或短語包括: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time,no sooner…(then), hardly …(when), not only…(but also)等。

Never has my brother been abroad before.
Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door.
No sonner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there.  
At no time should you give up studying.在任何時候你都不應放棄讀書。

[提示]

(1)如果句首的否定詞修飾主語, 是主語的一部分, 則句子不用倒裝。

Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.

(2) as或though引導的讓步狀語從句常用倒裝。一般將一些形容詞、副詞等置于句首。

Prominent as he is in his field, he remains easy-going.
Wealthy as he is, I don’t envy him.

3. 當so, often, only等表示程序或頻率的副詞置于句首時, 句子一般倒裝。

So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recovery.
Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical.
Only in this way can we accomplish it on time.

4. 當there, here, then, now等副詞置于句首, 且謂語動詞為come, go, be等詞時,句子一般全部倒裝。此類倒裝句旨在引起別人注意。但如果主語是代詞。句子則不倒裝。

Look! Here comes the taxi.
Here are some letters for you to type.
Then came the chairman.


5. 當out, in, away, up, bang等方位或擬聲詞置于句首時, 句子一般全部倒裝。此類倒裝句比正常程序的句子的更生動、形象。但如主語是代詞, 句子則不倒裝。
Away flew the bird.
Bang goes my ace.
Away she went.
Ahead sat an old woman.

Exercises 4 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:

1. Only recently ___________ to realize the dangers caffeine(咖啡因)
might bring to our health.

A. that scientists began              B. have scientists begun
C. scientists have begun              D. that did scientists begin

2. Not until the year of 1954 ________ made the capital of this country.

      A. the city was                        B. was the city

C. when the city was                  D. was when the city

3. ___________ the doctor right away, he might be alive today.

      A. Should he have gone to              B. If he went to
      C. Were he to go                      D. Had he gone to

4. "Does your father call you very often?"
  "yes, my fater calls about once a week and ___________ ."

      A. so my brother does                  B. my brother does so
      C. so does my brother                  D. does so my brother

5. Hardly anything ___________ more than the happiness of seeing someone using his device for treatment.

      A. please him                          B. does please him
      C. pleases him                        D. does him please

6. So little ___________ about physics that the lecture was completely beyond me.

      A. I knew                              B. did I know
      C. I had known                        D. had I known

7. We are late! Look, ___________ !

      A. there the bus goes                  B. the bus goes there
      C. there goes the bus                  D. the bus there goes

8. Only after he has acquired considerable facility in speaking
___________ to learn to read and write.

      A. he began                            B. will he begin
      C. did he begin                        D. must he begin

9. Busy ___________ he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule.

      A. because                            B. as
      C. no matter how                      D. although

10. By no means ___________ create or destroy energy.

      A. we can                              B. we can’t
      C. can we                              D. shall we

11. How strange ___________ !

      A. that the children are so quiet is
      B. that the children so quiet are
      C. is the children are so quiet
      D. it is that the children are so quiet

12. Not only ___________ tolerant of other people’s opinion,
but he is also patient.

      A. he is                              B. is he
      C. he will be                          D. will he be

13. She never laughed, ___________ lose her temper.

      A. neither she did                    B. nor did she
      C. either did she                      D. she either

14. ___________ table tennis was accepted as a regular part of
the Olympic Games.

      A. Not until 1986                B. It was not until 1986 that
      C. It was in 1986 when          D. It was until 1986 that

15. ___________ that Susan hadn’t dared to make a sound.

      A. So was he absorbed                  B. So absorbed he was
      C. So absorbed was he                  D. So he was absored

從句按其在主句中的句法功能可分為三類:  
  即名詞性從句、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)和副詞性從句(即狀語從句)。  
  引導從句的詞稱作關聯句.  

一、名詞性從句  

引導這些名詞性從句的關聯詞包括:  
  從屬連詞that, if, whether;  
連接代詞who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;  
  連接副詞where, when, why, how。  

其中, 從屬連詞只起連接作用, 在從句中不充當任何句法成分,  
而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用, 在從句中又充當一定的成分.  

That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.  
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.  
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.  
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?  

你聽說瑪麗要和湯姆結婚的消息了嗎?(that引導同位語從句)  

[提示]  

1. 在含有主語從句的復合句中, 為保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主語,而將真正的主語從句置于句末.  

It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主語)  

2. 為保持句子平衡, that引導的賓語從句也常用it代替, 而將真正的賓語從句置于主句句末。這常常出現在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語補足語的情況下

He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.  

3. 從屬連詞whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引導主語從句和表語  
從句。whether可與or(not)連用, 而if不可以。  

I don’t know whether (if) she is at home.  

Whether she comes or not makes no difference.  

4. that和what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別: that在從句中不充當成分,而what在從句中充當一定的成分, 如主語、表語、賓語等。that可省略, what則不可省。  

He always means what he says.  
She suggested (that) he do it at once.  

5. 同位語從句大多由從屬連詞that引導, 常跟在下列名詞后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位語從句一般用來解釋說明這些名詞的具體含義和內容。  

We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.  
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.  

二、定語從句  

引導定語從句的關聯詞包括:  

(1)關系代詞:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;  
(2)關系副詞:when, where, why。  

關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中都充當一定的句法成分,  
關系代詞在句中充當動詞的賓語時, 一般可省去。  

關系代詞的選用比較復雜, 它受下列條件的制約:  

(1)先行詞是指人還是指物;  
(2)關系代詞在從句中的句法功能;  
(3)定語從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。  

關系代詞的選用情況見下表:   
先行詞在從句中的句法功能  用于限定性或非限定性定語從句 只用于限定性定語從句  
指人或指物                    指人  指物  
主語                  　　　　who  which